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" ... "Most simulations showed that there was only upwards flow on one side of the planet and downwards flow on the other. Material therefore flowed from one hemisphere to the other", Meier reports. Surprisingly, the direction was not always the same. "Based on what we are used to from Earth, you would expect the material on the hot dayside to be lighter and therefore flow upwards and vice versa", co-author Dan Bower at the University of Bern and the NCCR PlanetS explains. Yet, some of the teams' simulations also showed the opposite flow direction. "This initially counter-intuitive result is due to the change in viscosity with temperature: cold material is stiffer and therefore doesn't want to bend, break or subduct into the interior. Warm material, however, is less viscous - so even solid rock becomes more mobile when heated - and can readily flow towards the planet's interior", Bower elaborates. Either way, these results show how a planetary surface and interior can exchange material under conditions very different from those on Earth. ... "
" ... These rigid plates inevitably collide with and subduct (slide and sink) under other plates, I noted in Sky & Telescope. Yet it’s this subduction, I wrote, that depletes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and acts as a built-in thermostat, enabling Earth to maintain habitable temperatures over billions of years. Without such processes, I noted, carbon dioxide would simply build up to the point where Earth would experience a runaway Greenhouse effect similar to Venus. ... "