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" ... If Andromeda and the Milky Way were just pointed directly at each other, for a face-to-face direct smash-up, this is all the information we need to calculate how long we have before the collision takes place. But galaxies are almost never on these kinds of plunge orbits. There’s usually a sidelong approach, because each galaxy has some kind of sideways, diagonal encounter to the other galaxy. The two galaxies’ first encounter may be less like an asteroid plunging into the surface of a planet, and more like the gentle looping of a periodic comet. If the galaxies are going to loop around each other, the process takes much longer. If the sideways motion is too great, the two galaxies could slingshot past each other, never to meet again. To be sure which kind of interaction the two galaxies are going to have, we need to measure the sidelong motion of Andromeda, not just the motion towards us. ... "