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" ... A scalar field φ in a false vacuum. Note that if you roll down a hill, you can wind up in the ... [+] "false" vacuum instead of the true vacuum. Classically, you'd have to give a particle in the false vacuum state enough energy to jump up over that barrier, but in the quantum universe, it's possible to tunnel directly into the true vacuum state. ... "
" ... An illustration of clustering patterns due to Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, where the likelihood of ... [+] finding a galaxy at a certain distance from any other galaxy is governed by the relationship between dark matter and normal matter. As the Universe expands, this characteristic distance expands as well, allowing us to measure the Hubble constant, the dark matter density, and even the scalar spectral index. The results agree with the CMB data, and a Universe made up of ~25% dark matter, as opposed to 5% normal matter, with an expansion rate of around 68 km/s/Mpc. ... "
" ... Still, modifying gravity has become fashionable lately, with many theorists tinkering with ideas that break the rules of General Relativity. The most common types of modifications either add an extra field (scalar, vector, or both), an extra set of terms (like a new coupling), or they break the notion that gravity is the same law for everyone at all times. All of these are already highly constrained, as General Relativity has passed every test we've ever subjected it to with flying colors. ... "
" ... The second type of graph store, property graphs, generally do not store RDF, and differ from semantic graphs in two critical ways. Nodes can store attributes (scalar values) and properties that connect nodes can also store attributes. ... "
" ... There could be either a scalar and/or a vector component to gravity as well, which many attempted extensions to or modified theories of gravity introduce. While General Relativity predicts that the speed of gravity must always equal exactly the speed of light, many of these alternative theories of gravity incorporate an intriguing set of possibilities for something different. As it turns out, detailed observations of black hole-black hole mergers, to even greater sensitivities than we’re capable of measuring right now, might be exactly what finally takes us beyond Einstein. ... "