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" ... If you have a system of matter or radiation that contains energy, if you examine it on a small enough scale, you'll find that it can be broken down into individual quanta: energy packets which behave as either waves or particles, depending on what they interact with and how. Even though every system must be made up of individual quanta, with properties like mass, charge, spin and more, not every property of every quantum system is discrete. ... "
" ... In this Universe, there are certain rules that have never been observed to be broken. Some of these rules we expect have never been broken. Nothing can move faster than the speed of light; when two quanta interact, energy is always conserved; linear and angular momentum can never be created or destroyed, etc. But some of these rules, even though we’ve never seen them violated, must have been broken at some point in the past. ... "
" ... This came in the context of the "old quantum theory," when Bohr had put forth his quantum model of atoms with discrete energy states that absorb or emit light only when moving between states. Einstein combined this idea with his earlier hypothesis, and set out to see how much he could deduce about the properties of these "light quanta" (the word "photon" was still a decade or more from being coined). To do this, he necessarily introduced an element of randomness. ... "
" ... What we’ve learned over the years, from these experiments and many others, is that all quanta inherently behave as thought they are both waves and particles simultaneously, with your choice of how you measure it determining the results you see. As far as we can tell, there is no one true objective, deterministic reality that exists independently of observers or interactions. In this Universe, you really to have to observe in order to find out what you get. ... "
" ... You see, in quantum field theory, empty space isn't so empty. What we think of as empty space — space without any masses, particles, or quanta of energy in it — is only empty in a sense. Yes, there might not be individual quanta of mass or energy in them, but the quantum fields that govern the Universe are still there. They're just in their ground state: the lowest energy state possible. ... "