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" ... The mystery step turned out to be prolyl hydroxylation. What-yl what-xylation? This is a process by which enzymes (called prolyl hydroxylases) add hydroxyl groups to two parts of the HIF-1α protein. A hydroxyl group is a combination of an oxygen atom (designated by O) and hydrogen atom (designated by H) and symbolized by -OH. This process is necessary for the HIF-1α protein to be labeled and destroyed. Think of it as OH, let’s get rid of this. When oxygen levels are lower, many HIF-1α proteins may not get this OH thus preventing the VHL-ubiquitin labeling process from occurring. The work of Kaelin, Semenz, and their teams thus found the final piece of the puzzle and said OH, that’s how it works. ... "