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" ... Complex physiochemical mechanisms control the pathways, mixing, and rise of magma from within the mantle to the base of the crust, and then across the Earth’s crust to the surface or within near-surface repositories and intrusions, where it cools and solidifies. How and when magma moves through the 0-100km-thick crust is still poorly understood, especially the activity of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas that are found in most of Earth’s active volcano systems. Part of the goal of the study was to understand how magma ascends through the crust and determine the depth of origin or storage of the mobile magma in order to predict eruptions before they happen. Lower crustal seismic activity can be measured and observed at the surface and is thought to be associated with crustal melt migration and accretion. Modeling and calculating the ascent time of magma is one of the key steps between seismically detecting magma movement and a surface eruption. The scientists believe that there is a rate-limiting step that is even more difficult to detect: the development of a pathway, called a “dyke” when the pathway is vertical and a “sill” when the pathway is horizontal. It seems that the timescale on which a pathway propagates can vary greatly, either violently and quickly or slowly and serially over time. Additionally, the latency between when the initial sill or dyke is established and when magma may travel through it and erupt at the surface is still unpredictable at this time. ... "