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" ... "Because the photoreceptors are the cells that receive light and --in the case of blindness--can't transmit the signals to the brain that result in vision," she said, "we've been very interested in delivering stem cells, derived into photo receptors, back to the eye." ... "
" ... "We plan to extend this study to print other cells of the retina and to investigate if light-sensitive photoreceptors can be successfully printed using inkjet technology," Professor Martin said. ... "
" ... Early on, as the retina develops, the would-be cone photoreceptors have to become one of two types of cells: one that detects blue light or one that still has the flexibility to later become a cell that detects red light or detects green light. Johnston’s team, including lead author and graduate student Kiara Eldred, focused on the blue or red/green sensing cutpoint in cells making up retinal organoids, and found that eliminating the thyroid hormone receptors in the cells resulted in tiny retinas consisting of cones that only sensed blue light. Adding more thyroid hormone resulted in only red/green cells. When left to themselves, at first all the cells become blue-sensing until “almost like a timer goes off,” Johnston says, and the rest become red/green sensing. The presence of thyroid hormone seemed to be flipping the switch. ... "
" ... Here is a cross-section of the eye. The retina is situated at the back of your eye. A magnified view... [+] of the retina is shown at upper right. Light sensitive cells (photoreceptors, red and brown) in the retina transmit signals to the brain via the optic nerve (grey, bottom right). (Photo: Getty Images). ... "
" ... The human stem cells did not develop as far towards becoming fully functional photoreceptors. ... "