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" ... However… Maxwell’s classical theory of electromagnetism is just not good enough. It does not fully agree with observation. The first specific observation was the photoelectric effect. The classical theory would imply that if a light is sufficiently dim, it will not dislodge electrons. In reality, even very dim light was able to dislodge electrons, provided its frequency was sufficiently high. ... "
" ... Light can also, as Einstein himself demonstrated with his 1905 research into the photoelectric effect, transfer energy and momentum into matter: massive particles. If the only law we had was Newton’s law the way we’re used to seeing it — as force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma) — light would be in trouble. With no mass inherent to photons, this equation wouldn’t make any sense. But Newton himself didn’t write “F = ma” like we often suppose, but rather that “force is the time rate of change of momentum,” or that applying a force causes a “change in momentum” over time. ... "
" ... The photoelectric effect details how electrons can be ionized by photons based on the wavelength of ... [+] individual photons, not on light intensity or total energy or any other property. If a quantum of light comes in with enough energy, it can interact with and ionize an electron, kicking it out of the material and leading to a detectable signal. ... "
" ... The photoelectric effect paper was not an immediate hit-- Max Planck, whose relationship between energy and frequency was key to the theory, wrote in a letter of reference that: ... "