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" ... At the time Illumina's goal wasn't to sequence every letter of a person's DNA--back then it cost $360 million per person--but to take snapshots of individual genes quickly. Another company, Affymetrix, had that market locked up with its DNA microarrays, tiny glass slides with specific genetic patterns on them. The tech took advantage of the fact that DNA's four-letter code--A, G, T, C--matches up in a specific way, A to T, G to C, in two opposing strands. If an opposing sequence were present, say, in blood, it would stick to the gene chip like Velcro. But Illumina had a better way: By putting the DNA on beads instead of flat slides, there was more surface area, a better signal-to-noise ratio and, it hoped, more accurate results. ... "
" ... DNA microarrays bring much potential. Currently, disease prevention and treatment are not precisely tailored to everyone’s variability in genes, internal and external environments, and lifestyle. For the medicine to be precise, useful, and practical, we need to begin with a complete understanding of an individual's genome, their physiological environment at the cellular level, and their external environment. However, current whole-genome DNA sequencing technology is too costly, too complicated, and too limited in its accuracy to be used effectively in precision medicine at the population scale. ... "
" ... In my academic career I had the opportunity to do research in two key areas: genomics and sequencing, and quantum computing. The massive gains in genomics and sequencing are well known, and many companies from Illumina to 23andme have been built in the space. My belief is that this happened because the fundamental technologies around sequencing and DNA microarrays were fairly well de-risked in academia before coming to market. They also were highly leveraged by existing massive markets in life sciences. Quantum computing (QC), on the other hand, I think may still have some fundamental science questions to answer before high quality products that can compete with classical computation can be built. I’m hopeful that QC will hit prime time, but concerned that it’s still too far in the science risk phase. Luckily there’s a lot of academic and large company (Google, Microsoft, IBM) effort to invest in the fundamental science there. ... "
" ... It's evolved a lot. First of all, I developed DNA microarrays for basic science purposes when I was a graduate student with Pat Brown (at Stanford). When I came to UCSF, I wanted to deploy that technology not just for the study of yeast, which I had been working on in Pat's lab, but also for infectious disease. Around 2006, the advent of ultra-deep sequencing presented a new opportunity to us. ... "