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" ... Clavius, a Jesuit who taught at the Collegio Romano in Rome, is often remembered as an early skeptic in the great battle over Copernicus and the heliocentric system. Because Clavius was politely skeptical of Galileo's arguments in favor of a sun-centered universe, he is usually dismissed as a close-minded holdover of the obscurantist Aristotelian philosophical tradition against which Galileo, Descartes and Kepler struggled. ... "
" ... First, Galileo did not become famous for arguing against flat-Earthers: he argued that the Earth revolved around the sun (the heliocentric model of the solar system) rather than the sun revolving around the earth (the geocentric or Ptolemaic model, after the Greek philosopher Ptolemy). ... "
" ... Galileo’s two-inch telescope could see things ten times sharper than the naked eye. He could see, for example, that Venus went through phases just like our moon, a crucial piece of evidence that led him to reject an Earth-centric universe in favor of a heliocentric one. ... "
" ... Kuhn distanced himself from the idea that a new theory in science was about the discovery of objective truth. Instead, he viewed each new scientific revolution or synthesis as “less problematic” and “more fruitful” than the previous synthesis, with fewer anomalies and greater predictive power and maybe greater simplicity and clarity. For example, Copernicus’s heliocentric theory of the galaxy had no greater predictive power than the previous earth-centric theory. But it won support because it was simpler and seemed more plausible. As it turned out, Copernicus’s theory involved the idea of rotating spheres which was dead wrong, but the heliocentric part turned out to be right. The theory won broad support, despite its flaws. ... "
" ... The second part got an enormous boost in the 16th and 17th centuries, with the rise of the heliocentric model of the Solar System. If the Earth orbited the Sun, then rather than a baseline of 12,700 kilometers from sunrise to sunset (a 180° rotation about Earth's axis), we could get a baseline that was much larger, of about 300 million kilometers, from winter solstice to summer solstice (a 180° revolution of the Earth's orbit around the Sun). ... "