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" ... Engineers at the University of Wisconsin - Madison have found a way to deposit perfectly proportioned graphene nanotubes directly onto a semiconductor wafer of germanium. They achieved this through a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method, which is similar in some ways to surface assisted synthesis in that precursor chemicals react to produce a thin film, however the reactants are introduced to the reaction chamber in a gaseous state. In this particular method of chemical vapour deposition however, only one reactant is necessary - methane. When methane is introduced to the reaction chamber, under the correct temperature and pressure the methane sticks to the surface of the germanium wafer. Here it decomposes into other organic molecules, which further react with one another to produce a layer of graphene. ... "
" ... In the mid-1950s, a revolutionary solid-state transistor was developed using silicon instead of germanium. This product delivered better performance, reliability and energy efficiency and became the dominant transistor for the next 60 years. It enabled the creation of the high-density integrated circuits that became the backbone of early pocket calculators and today’s smartphones, laptops and tablets. ... "
" ... LiDAR companies should leverage the learnings from integration challenges that other optical sensors have gone through. Automotive Tier 1 suppliers have a wealth of knowledge regarding the myriad issues that can arise due to integration and real world testing. Working with them can help to proactively address potential issues before they emerge and require expensive re-designs. Dr. Jan-Erik Kallhammer, Director of Visual Enhancement and Cognitive Systems at Veoneer, pioneered the integration of night vision systems into cars in the mid 2000s. He discusses some of the unpleasant surprises that came up during the testing phase: “The real complexities of developing night vision emerged during testing in sandy environments - the protective germanium window proved highly susceptible to abrasion and required moving the camera to a different location. Thermal management presented itself in unpredictable ways - during traffic stops, heat flow from the radiator increased temperature by 6 °C per minute forcing a re-design. Other challenges included the need to design the sensor in a way that enables installation in the vehicle in less than a minute”. ... "
" ... This lens is made of germanium, a rare metal found primarily in Africa. The lens is solid and will... [+] not pass light. ... "