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" ... Black holes, neutron stars, merging stellar systems, supernovae and other astrophysical cataclysms can accelerate particles to energies we'd never be able to equal on Earth. The highest energy cosmic rays travel so close to the ultimate cosmic speed limit, c, that if you were to race an ultra-high energy, cosmic ray proton against a photon to the nearest star and back, do you know what would happen? Over a round-trip journey of nearly 8.5 light years, the photon would arrive first, but just barely. The proton would be a mere 22 microns behind, arriving just 0.7 picoseconds later. ... "
" ... The X-ray (pink) and overall matter (blue) maps of various colliding galaxy clusters show a clear... [+] separation between normal matter and gravitational effects, some of the strongest evidence for dark matter. Although some of the simulations we perform indicate that a few clusters may be moving faster than expected, the simulations include gravitation alone, and other effects like feedback, star formation, and stellar cataclysms may also be important for the gas. Without dark matter, these observations (along with many others) cannot be sufficiently explained. ... "
" ... The problem is that stars are relatively large objects, and that if you get too close to a black hole’s event horizon, the tidal forces will wind up tearing that star apart. This can result in a class of stellar cataclysms known as tidal disruption events, which lead to large amounts of nuclear fusion and result in the death of the star. This effectively prohibits us from looking at stars in orbit around stellar mass black holes, as that’s where tidal forces are strongest. We’ve seen these tidal disruption events, and have concluded that it’s simply too easy for these small black holes to tear stars apart. ... "
" ... There are lots of events that can be considered either explosions or cataclysms in the natural Universe, where a large amount of energy is released over a short period of time. A very massive star that reaches the end of its life will explode in a cataclysmic type II supernova, creating either a black hole or neutron star as a stellar corpse. Over the final few seconds of its life, it will release some ~1044 J of energy, with hypernovae (or superluminous supernovae) reaching up to 100 times that amount. ... "