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" ... A number of other recent determinations by IARC have perplexed both scientists and the public, most famously those pertaining to coffee, red meat, and cell phones. It has become clear that IARC takes a very different approach to assessing carcinogens than most other agencies. Rather than taking into account real-world exposure to an agent and what is known about its ability to cause cancer at various exposure levels – risk assessment – IARC’s assessment takes into account the potential to cause cancer under theoretical conditions – hazard assessment. This approach is considered outmoded and unscientific by many scientists and regulatory agencies (accepted manuscript Boobis A, Cohen, S, Dellarco V, et al. "Classification schemes for carcinogenicity based on hazard-identification have become outmoded and serve neither science nor society," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Oct. 2016). ... "
" ... Mechanistic evidence becomes important mainly when there is strong evidence of carcinogenicity from human and/or animal studies, rather than on its own. It is troubling to consider the possibility that laboratory studies of uncertain relevance to human carcinogenicity could be used to upgrade the carcinogenic classification of an agent for which the human and animal evidence of carcinogenicity is weak. ... "
" ... Rats and mice aren’t even particularly predictive for each other, according to Smirnova. “If you look at something very complex, like reproductive toxicity or developmental toxicity or carcinogenicity, rats predict mice by around 60%. So why would we expect that it would be better in humans?” ... "