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" ... If the Universe expands, the light emitted from a distant source will have its wavelength stretched as the very fabric of space itself expands, leading to a redshift. Similarly, if the Universe contracts, the light emitted will have its wavelength compressed, leading to a blueshift. ... "
" ... In addition to length contraction and time dilation, there's yet another effect that comes into play: redshift and blueshift. In the direction that you're moving — or, alternately, the direction the environment appears to be moving toward you — the light's wavelength appears compressed, or shorter and bluer. In the opposite direction, any light you receive will appear stretched, with longer wavelengths and redder colors. ... "
" ... Now, let’s imagine that those photons eventually make their way down to the surface of the world that they’re falling onto, and we measure their energies when they reach the ground. By the conservation of energy, they must have a total energy that equals the energy of the photons from the previous scenario. This proves that photons must gain energy as they fall in a gravitational field, leading to what we know as a gravitational blueshift, but it also leads to something spectacular: the notion that E = mc² is what a particle’s (or antiparticle’s) rest mass has to be. ... "
" ... The dimming of the white dwarf is enormous, as two sets of 2019 observations showed that the light output was reduced by 56% during transits, as opposed to typically less than 1% for most transits around normal stars. Normally, we’d be able to follow-up and confirm the existence of the planet and measure its mass by observing the spectral lines of the star and how those lines redshift and blueshift over time, but this particular white dwarf is unusually featureless. As the authors write: ... "
" ... When we observe a star in our own galaxy, we can determine whether it’s moving towards us or away from us by looking at the light it emits: specifically, from the light emitted (or absorbed) by the elements contained within it. This is extremely useful for light because all of the emission (or absorption) lines that come from an element, such as hydrogen, will be shifted by the same amount. Moreover, if we have a star in orbit around another object, we can actually observe the redshift and blueshift cycle over time, teaching us about the “gravitational dance” that’s occurring. ... "