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" ... If the incoming photon gets reflected at the first beamsplitter, though, it gets sent straight to B, then brought back around and sent into A on a path parallel to but a little bit to one side of the initial entry path. This still hits the polarizing beamsplitter, and a horizontally polarized photon still gets its polarization rotated. After the rotator, though, it misses the mirror that would've sent it off to B, and instead goes off to another beamsplitter, where it's combined with the part of the light that went through A and then B. Likewise, the vertically polarized bit misses the mirror that would've sent it to B, and gets sent to yet another beamsplitter where it's recombined with the vertically polarized bit of light that went through A first and then B. ... "
" ... In this configuration, about 25% of the time they get two photons reaching the beamsplitter, they'll detect one photon at each output. From quantum optics, we know that when this happens the two photons had opposite polarizations, meaning that the two ions have ended up in two different states. But they have no way of knowing which ion emitted which photon. Thus, the two ions end up entangled: if you measure the individual states, you get random results, but if you compare the lists of results for each ion over many repetitions, you find that they're perfectly correlated. ... "
" ... Light (or any other quantum particle) coming into an interferometer gets split in by an initial beamsplitter. The two beams are then directed back together on a second beamsplitter, which sends light to two detectors. ... "