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" ... Before paved roads and trucks came to Pico island, wine barrels were transported directly to ships. However, rough volcanic coastlines prevented ships from docking near wine production sites. Crafty suppliers rolled their barrels to the shore and kicked them into the water, from where energetic crews pulled them into small boats. In the mid 19th century, after most crops were decimated by the phylloxera aphid, wine production and exportation dipped severely, and selling Azorean wine became a challenge. ... "
" ... In the 1860’s and 1870’s the phylloxera louse—an ugly looking aphid about a third as wide as the head of a pin—decimated vineyards throughout Europe. Eventually Europeans succeeded in growing vines again after they substituted north American rootstock that proved resistant to the bug. The result is that almost all vines planted in Europe and much of the world are now comprised of two parts—imported rootstock, which penetrates into soil, and the vines you see growing above. These two segments are joined by a graft. Although this solution allowed vines to thrive again—the character of vineyard biology altered. First, certain grape varieties did not take well to grafting, and were consequently abandoned. Second, most actual rootstocks—biological plumbing that feeds nutrients upward to grapes—differs from that of two centuries ago. This impacts the wines we drink. ... "
" ... In the 19th century, the phylloxera aphid decimated Corsican vineyards. They were then abandoned during two world wars when men left the island to fight. In the 1960’s a viticulture renaissance of sorts began when Algerian colonialists moved to the island, importing winemaking techniques and vines such as Grenache and Carignan (in the mid 20th century, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco made the majority of the world's internationally traded wines). This imported wine, however, was generally geared for blending and not of optimal quality. ... "
" ... In the mid-1860s, a tiny parasitic aphid called phylloxera tore through the vineyards of France so mercilessly it devastated an entire generation of wine and cognac, altering the lineage of French rootstock forever. In the 1990s, phylloxera invaded California, causing over a billion dollars in damage to Napa Valley’s vines. Today, most wine-producing regions around the world remain vulnerable to phylloxera’s attack. Two thousand miles south of Napa Valley sits Jalisco, Mexico—tequila country. Tequila producers fear a similar fate for their precious blue weber agave, the plant from which tequila is produced and the cornerstone of the $2 billion annual industry. Why do these plants stand to suffer so badly? Cloning. ... "
" ... There are several convincing reasons that this strategy is likely to be safe with regard to any potential for spread to non-target citrus or to other plant species. There is very low rate of aphid transmission even under ideal lab conditions. The track record of zero transmission to sentinel plants in the previous limited release further demonstrates that the modified virus is extremely unlikely to move beyond the intended trees. The fact that recombination will likely lead to loss of the peptide part of the viral genome is another safety factor and will again allow for the deployment of different peptides in a follow-up grafting step if that is needed down the line. The fact that the Tristeza strains to be used are already ubiquitous in Florida citrus represents a multi-decade "experiment" showing that this virus represents no threat to other species or to citrus that is grown on the rootstocks for which infections by these strains are asymptomatic. With the tremendous advances in the speed, sensitivity and affordability of genetic assays, it will be possible to rigorously monitor the efficacy and safety of the strategy. As for the anti-microbial peptides from spinach - long experience supports their safety from a food point of view. ... "